Ultrasonography is an effective and inexpensive diagnostic method without using x-rays; it is an ideal screening and follow-up test for the soft tissue pathologies due to its noninvasive nature and widespread availability. Real - time examination available only with ultrasound elucidates some types of lesions, which are occult on static examinations. From May 1990 to January 1992, we performed ultrasonographic shoulder examinations in 98 patients with painful shoulder at the 2nd Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Kartal State Hospital. The various shoulder diseases are evaluated by this new diagnostic imaging system.

For the follow-up of the newborn infant's nutritional status, there is controversy about the physical examination and laboratory methods that can be used during the first days of life. For this reason, antropometric measurements and serum albumin-prealbumin levels were evaluated in 52 newborn infants that were being followed in the Pediatric Clinic of Kartal Hospital in order to determine which of them was more valuable. Prealbumin was found to be the best marker among healthy babies during the first 20 days.

Between 1991 - 1992, 53 patients who had Ýnguinal hernia were operated with darn repair and Bassini techniques in 2. Surgical Clinic of Kartal State Hospital. To assess the consequences of these techniques, patients were separated into two groups. in experimental group 27 patients were operated with darn repair. In control group 26 patients were operated with Bassini repair. in two groups we tired to keep all patients' features in almost the same level. Patients in both groups were observed in terms of postoperative pain, amount of analgezic drugs, the time of reaching painless motion ability, postoperative hospitalization time, and early and late complications. in conclusion, we consider that darn repair technic in Ýnguinal hernia repair are more advantages than Bassini repair.

In the last ten years (1981 -1990), 217 newborn with birth traumas had been accepted in to the II.. Pediatric clinic of Þiþli Etfal Hospital. This is 1.99% of the total patients hospitalised by that department and this percentage varies between 0.7-3% yearly. The ratio of boys to girls is 1/1.92. Birth weight, malpresantation, complicated births and the parite are accepted to be the risc factors for birth traumas. The mortality rate of birth traumas was found as 36%. Cerebral traumas are responsible for the majority of mortalities or causes mostly results with heavy sequeles. For this reason, we emphasised the importance of prophylaxis of birth traumas rather than therapy. The role of the team work between the obstetricians, neonatologists, neureopediatrists and other health care personnel is important for prophylaxis.

Carcinoma of the prostate (PCa) is among the leading causes of death from cancer despite technical advances in diagnosis and treatment. Introduction of TRUS and PSA into clinical armamentorium may increase the possibility of earlier detection of malignancy which may then translate into prolonged survival with earlier curative treatment, Efficacy of DRE, TRUS and PSA alone or in combination was analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of each method was found to be quite similar (DRE 68.9%, TRUS 60,1%, PSA 64.5%). Combination of three methods increased the diagnostic accuracy up to 90.9%, provided that a high cut off level for PSA was determined.

Ultrasonography is reliable, noninvasive, rapidly performed, readily accepted by patients, uses no ionizing radiation and relatively inexpensive diagnostic imaging system compared to any of the others. It is widely used in the diagnosis of the musculoskeletal pathology. The use of the ultrasonography for evaluation of various swellings in the popliteal space gained early acceptance. it has particular importance in the differantial diagnosis of the pathologic conditions in this area so that in the lower extremity, is used most frequently in the evaluation of popliteal cysts and popliteal aneurysms. We reviewed the application of ultrasonography for the evaluation of the popliteal cysts in our study on 8 patients between the years 1990-1991 in the 2nd clinic of orthopaedics and traumatology of Kartal State Hospital. On this subject, it was observed that the ultrasonography is very efficicaus and preferable in differantial diagnosis and treatment of the popliteal cysts.