Due to its advantages, minimally invasive surgery has become a standard treatment approach in many surgical operations today. To address the complications associated with enlarged wounds for specimen extraction after minimally invasive surgery, the natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) method has been developed, allowing specimens to be extracted through natural openings. In addition to the existing advantages of laparoscopy, this method significantly reduces the rates of postoperative pain, infection, and hernia development.
Laparoscopic colectomy is frequently used in colorectal surgery. However, the specimen is typically extracted via mini-laparotomy. There are four potential approaches for extracting the specimen through natural openings after laparoscopic resection: transanal, transurethral, transoral, and transvaginal. In colorectal surgery, NOSE is generally categorized into two main approaches: the transanal and transvaginal routes, depending on the type of specimen extraction. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages.
This article aims to provide information on the transanal and transvaginal methods used for specimen extraction through natural openings in laparoscopic colorectal surgery and to compare these two approaches. Although specimen extraction via natural openings is a complex surgical procedure, it offers potential advantages. However, it requires advanced laparoscopic expertise. The transanal route can be used safely, particularly for early-stage and small-scale tumors, while the transvaginal route can be safely applied in female patients with larger lesions.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition; however, it is rarely observed to affect renal functions and cause hydronephrosis. In our study, we aimed to evaluate these effects of POP.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients who underwent anti-prolapse surgery due to POP were included as the case group, and those who underwent hysterectomy for non-POP indications were included as the control group between January 1 and July 1, 2024. Renal function blood parameters (urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], glomerular filtration rate [GFR], and uric acid values) were compared between the control and POP groups. Preoperative urinary system ultrasonography (US) data were also analyzed.
RESULTS: Patients were included in the POP group and the control group (N1=N2=187). The groups were statistically similar and homogeneous in terms of age (p=0.678) and comorbidities (p=0.872). The number of patients with values outside laboratory cut-off values was 8, 17, 51, 16, and 15 patients in the POP group for creatinine, uric acid, GFR, urea, and BUN, respectively. GFR (p<0.001), urea (p=0.005), and BUN (p=0.008) values showed statistically significant differences between the two groups. When renal function tests were analyzed according to POP grades, no significant differences were detected for any parameter between grades 2, 3, and 4. Hydronephrosis was detected in 9 patients (16.4%) in the POP group evaluated with urinary US.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We determined that lower GFR, and higher BUN and urea values were present in the prolapse group. Although it is believed that this condition may regress after POP surgery, data supporting this could not be obtained due to the retrospective nature of the study.

INTRODUCTION: The localization of colon tumors has prognostic significance. Based on the origin of the primary mass, tumors are classified as right or left colon tumors. During embryological development, right colon tumors (RCC) originate from the mid-gut, while left colon tumors (LCC) originate from the hind-gut. Transverse colon tumors (TCC) account for 10% of all colon tumors. Due to their heterogeneous embryological development, these tumors can behave similarly to either right or left colon tumors. Our knowledge of prognosis is limited due to their inclusion in studies as right colon tumors or exclusion from studies. Our study aims to investigate whether TCC differs from right or left colon tumors by utilizing clinical, pathological, and molecular prognostic factors known to be important in colon cancer, as well as their anatomical localization.
METHODS: Non-metastatic patients who underwent surgery for transverse colon cancer at our hospital were retrospectively included. Demographic data, pathological features, and treatment status were analyzed.
RESULTS: Seventy-six patients with transverse colon tumors who underwent surgery were included in our study. No significant difference was found between recurrence and gender, comorbidity, type of surgery, stage at diagnosis, grade, pathological nodal stage, MSI status, and adjuvant treatment status (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in the relationship between recurrence and histopathological subtype, ECOG, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and pathological T stage. Multivariable analysis of parameters associated with recurrence revealed that the presence of perineural invasion alone increased recurrence by 25 times and was found to be an independent poor prognostic factor.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Perineural invasion was found to be an independent prognostic indicator that predicts recurrence by 25 times in non-metastatic patients with transverse colon tumors. This result can be effectively used in predicting prognosis and making treatment decisions in patients.

INTRODUCTION: Hematoma, infections, and wound dehiscence are the most common causes of readmission following laminectomy operations. The aim of this study was to identify and prevent infectious agents to reduce additional costs and mortality.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 4295 laminectomies performed over a 7-year period. The study included 30 infected adult patients and 40 isolated microorganisms. The analysis determined demographic data, risk factors, isolated microorganisms, and resistance patterns.
RESULTS: Out of 4295 laminectomy operations, only 30 patients (0.7%) developed surgical site infections (SSIs). The median age of the patients was 55.18 years, and the median duration of hospitalization was 35.54 days. Of the patients, 56.7% were female and 43.3% were male. The risk factors for SSI were the use of peripheral venous catheters (93.3%), urinary catheters (26.7%), and central venous catheters (16.7%). The isolated agents were A.baumannii, K.pneumoniae, and E.coli, which accounted for only 50% of the total cases.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The main goal should be to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) after laminectomy surgery, rather than treating.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate anterior segment parameters in pediatric patients with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia (HAA).
METHODS: The study included 35 amblyopic and 35 healthy eyes of 35 HAA patients examined in the Pediatric Ophthalmology Department between January and April 2021 and 40 eyes of 40 healthy emmetropic children. The axial length (AL) was measured using a Lenstar LS-900 biometer, and the anterior segment and corneal endothelial layer parameters were evaluated using Scheimpflug imaging and non-contact specular microscopy, respectively.
RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 8.5±3.1 years in the HAA group and 8.9±2.2 years in the healthy control group (p=0.252). A statistically significant difference was found in the three groups regarding best-corrected visual acuity and AL (p<0.001 for all). Of the anterior segment parameters, a statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in terms of anterior corneal curvature, corneal volume, anterior chamber depth, total high-order aberrations, and spherical aberration (p=0.019, p=0.034, p=0.015, p=0.037,
and p<0.001, respectively). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups concerning the endothelial parameters (p>0.05 for all).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that there could be statistically significant differences in anterior segment parameters between amblyopic eyes, fellow eyes, and emmetropic healthy eyes. A thorough assessment of anterior segment parameters in patients can significantly inform both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

INTRODUCTION: Dyspnea, a major symptom of COPD, reflects both physiological and psychological factors influencing a patient’s health status. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between clinical methods used to measure dyspnea and physiological measures in stable COPD patients.
METHODS: A total of 25 stable COPD patients participated in this cross-sectional study, undergoing detailed pulmonary function tests (PFTs), a six-minute walking test, and dyspnea assessments using both indirect and direct methods. Indirect methods included the Turkish versions of the Oxygen Cost Diagram (OCD), Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnea Scale, and Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI), while the direct method employed was the Turkish version of the Borg Dyspnea Scale. Statistical evaluation was made using Spearman’s and Pearson correlation ranks, and r and p values were calculated. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All results were presented separately and as median±standard deviation (SD) for every patient.
RESULTS: The median age of patients was 65 years. The mean values of PFT were FVC 74%±21, FEV1 53%±22, and FEV1/FVC 56%±11. The mean six-minute walking distance was 398±140 meters. Significant correlations were found between most dyspnea measurement methods and the six-minute walking distance, particularly with OCD (r=0.659, p<0.01), MRC (r=-0.538, p<0.05), and various BDI components. FVC also correlated significantly with several dyspnea measures.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We showed that different dyspnea measurement methods in COPD patients correlated well with spirometry and six-minute walking test results. OCD was strongly correlated with 6MWT, whereas mMRC and BDI were moderately correlated. There were moderate/weak correlations between OCD, BDI, Borg2, mMRC, and spirometric measures. Our results indicate that dyspnea measurements are components of COPD severity assessment, along with functional exercise capacity and spirometry, and are in alignment with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) system.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary hydatid cyst is a significant health concern, particularly in pediatric patients in endemic regions. Ruptured cysts can lead to severe complications such as bronchopleural fistula and pleural effusion. Surgical management remains the gold standard, with varying approaches based on the rupture status of the cyst. This study aims to compare the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric patients with ruptured and nonruptured pulmonary hydatid cysts.
METHODS: This retrospective observational study included pediatric patients who underwent surgery for pulmonary hydatid cysts at a tertiary care hospital between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2024. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with ruptured cysts and those with non-ruptured cysts. Demographic data, cyst size, Indirect Hemagglutination Assay (IHA) results, and postoperative complications were compared.
RESULTS: A total of 17 pediatric patients (14 males, 3 females) with a mean age of 11.18 years were included. There were no significant differences between ruptured and non-ruptured cysts in terms of age (p=0.793), gender (p=0.757), cyst size (p=0.962), or IHA positivity (p=0.683). Complications occurred in 50% of patients with ruptured cysts and 46.15% of those with non-ruptured cysts, with no significant difference (p=0.958). One patient with a ruptured cyst developed a bronchopleural fistula requiring lobectomy, while another in the non-ruptured group experienced postoperative pleural effusion managed by Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although no significant differences were found in demographic or clinical variables, ruptured cysts were associated with more severe complications. Careful surgical management and postoperative monitoring are essential in both ruptured and non-ruptured pulmonary hydatid cysts to prevent and manage complications.

INTRODUCTION: Lung wedge resection, frequently used in thoracic surgery practice, is the only non-anatomic resection. This study aims to determine the instances in which wedge resection was performed in our center and their frequency.
METHODS: In this study, we included patients over the age of 18 who underwent wedge resection in our clinic between 01.01.2020 and 01.06.2023. In addition to the demographic information of all patients, we retrospectively analyzed medical records such as diagnosis, applied surgical method, number of resections, duration of drainage, duration of hospitalization, and complications. The obtained data were evaluated statistically.
RESULTS: Our team included a total of 166 patients in the study, of whom 109 (65.7%) were male and 57 (34.3%) were female. The mean age of the study population was 49.89±19.35 years, 49.40±20.33 years for males, and 50.82±17.43 years for females. Our team performed diagnostic wedge resections in 81 (48.8%) and curative wedge resections in 85 (51.2%) of the patients included in the study. The mean age of the patients who underwent diagnostic resection was significantly higher than the patients who underwent curative resection. While in diagnostic resection cases, the most common diagnoses were nodule and interstitial lung disease, in curative resection cases, the most common diagnoses were bullae-bleb and CAI (cyst-abscess-infection). We performed video-assisted surgery in 90 cases, thoracotomy in 75 cases, and sternotomy in one case. The rate of multiple wedges was significantly higher in the thoracotomy group than in the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) group. In other comparative analyses, no significant difference was found between the two groups using different surgical techniques.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Wedge resections are the most commonly used resection technique by thoracic surgeons in clinical practice. While it is frequently used for diagnostic purposes in metastatic lung diseases and less frequently in interstitial lung diseases, it is particularly used for curative purposes in bullous lung diseases.

INTRODUCTION: N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) is an important biomarker used in the diagnosis of heart failure. However, recent studies have shown that NT-proBNP is associated not only with cardiovascular diseases but also with other conditions such as pneumonia, renal failure, and malignancies. This study aims to investigate the impact of NT-proBNP on the prognosis of patients hospitalized in the internal medicine department.
METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 971 patients hospitalized between January 2022 and October 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: those who were discharged and those who were transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or deceased, and their relationships with NT-proBNP levels were examined.
RESULTS: Patients with high NT-proBNP levels had a significantly higher risk of being transferred to the ICU or dying (Discharged vs. ICU/Deceased: 3732.15±7297 vs. 10923±12572; p<0.001). ROC analysis identified a cutoff value of >1826 pg/ml, above which the risk of ICU admission or death was found to be 5.44 times higher (OR: 5.44). When analyzed separately in patients with and without cardiac symptoms, the prognostic impact of NT-proBNP levels was significant in both groups (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: NT-proBNP can be used as an effective biomarker for predicting prognosis in both cardiac and non-cardiac diseases in patients hospitalized in internal medicine clinics.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to compare the effects of inhalation anesthesia applied with sevoflurane or desflurane and intravenous anesthesia with propofol on early postoperative cognitive functions.
METHODS: This study included patients with the ASA I-III classes, aged between 30-70 years and who underwent elective laparoscopic gallbladder surgery. The cognitive function levels of the patients were determined by performing the Mini-Cog test the day before the surgery. The patients were randomly divided into three groups as Group I (Desflurane), Group II (Sevoflurane), and Group III (Propofol). After induction of anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil rocuronium, endotracheal intubation was performed in all patients. In addition to the remifentanil infusion administered to all patients during the maintenance of anesthesia, anesthesia depth was provided with desflurane, sevoflurane inhalation or propofol infusion, with a bispectral index (BIS) of 40-60. The Modified Aldrete Recovery Scores (MARS) were measured and recorded at the postoperative 5th, 10th, 20th, and 30th minutes in all patients. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS) at the 10th, 20th, and 30th minutes postoperatively. The Mini-Cog test was repeated by the same physician at the postoperative 24th hour and compared with the preoperative values.
RESULTS: There was no difference in demographic characteristics, duration of surgery and anesthesia, postoperative MARS and VAS values between the three groups (for all, p>0.05). While there was no significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative MiniCog test scores in the Desflurane and Propofol groups (p>0.05), it was observed that the Mini-Cog test in the sevoflurane group was significantly lower than in the Propofol group and Desflurane group (p=0.002 and p=0.012, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was concluded that desflurane and propofol did not have negative effects on cognitive functions, while sevoflurane had a negative effect on postoperative cognitive functions.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate clinical outcomes and associated anomalies in fetuses diagnosed with persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) during routine prenatal ultrasound at a tertiary perinatology clinic.
METHODS: This retrospective study included 11 cases of PRUV diagnosed between October 2022 and January 2024. Data were collected on maternal demographics, gestational age at diagnosis, associated anomalies, and neonatal outcomes. Ultrasound examinations were performed using B-mode and color Doppler, with fetal echocardiography to assess cardiac abnormalities. Cases were classified as isolated PRUV or PRUV with associated anomalies.
RESULTS: PRUV was detected in 11 out of 10,176 pregnancies (0.1%). Seven cases were isolated PRUV, while four cases had associated anomalies, including cardiovascular and genitourinary defects. One case with extrahepatic PRUV and severe cardiovascular abnormalities was discontinued. The remaining 10 cases, including those with isolated PRUV, resulted in healthy live births. Six births were by cesarean section, and four were spontaneous deliveries. The presence of additional malformations was associated with more complex prenatal management and a poorer prognosis.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Isolated PRUV is usually associated with favorable outcomes, but the presence of additional anomalies, particularly cardiovascular defects, has a significant impact on management and prognosis. Comprehensive prenatal imaging, including echocardiography, is essential in PRUV cases to inform clinical decisions. Larger studies are needed to further elucidate the long-term outcomes of PRUV.

INTRODUCTION: Inguinal hernia (IH) is one of the common diseases encountered in general surgery. Laparoscopic techniques are recommended and preferred surgical methods for inguinal hernia today due to their advantages. There are various published studies regarding the learning curve (LC) of the TAPP technique, one of the laparoscopic methods. In our study, we aimed to compare the LC of TAPP herniorrhaphy performed by a surgeon without supervisor support after TEP experience with that of a surgeon without laparoscopic hernia experience under supervision.
METHODS: In our study, patients who underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair at our clinic between 2011 and 2024 were analyzed. Patients operated on by a surgeon who transitioned to TAPP herniorrhaphy without supervision after gaining experience in TEP were designated as Group-1, while patients operated on by a surgeon performing TAPP herniorrhaphy under supervision were designated as Group 2. In both groups, the first 100 patients who underwent primary TAPP herniorrhaphy were retrospectively evaluated for operative times, conversion rates to open surgery, and complications, with learning curve data generated.
RESULTS: In this study, a total of 128 patients (64 patients in each group) who underwent TAPP herniorrhaphy for primary unilateral inguinal hernia were evaluated. There was no significant difference between the two groups in demographic features (p>0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups according to the Nyhus classification (p>0.05).
No difference was observed between the groups in terms of postoperative complications (p>0.05). In the analyses performed for the LC, it was seen that the ideal number of surgeries for Group-1 was 19, and for Group-2 it was 26, and it was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The learning curve in TAPP surgeries performed under supervision showing similar results to those of surgeons experienced in TEP indicates the potential importance of supervisory support in the learning process.

INTRODUCTION: The use of radiation in medical diagnosis and surgical procedures is increasing with developing technology. During these routine interventions and procedures, physicians’ decision-making through radiation safety awareness and application of radiation protection knowledge daily will protect themselves, their team, and patients from unnecessary radiation exposure and the negative effects of radiation. We aim to determine awareness and knowledge levels.
METHODS: Our research was based on evaluating answers to the questionnaire applied to physicians working in the Surgical Units of the hospital. The questionnaire consists of 3 parts. The 1st part of the research questionnaire consisted of 7 questions aimed to collect general information about the physicians participating in the study. The 2nd part of the research questionnaire consisted of 13 questions aimed at analyzing the use of acquired radiation protection awareness in daily practice in the outpatient clinic and operation room. The 3rd part of the research questionnaire consisted of 12 questions aimed to analyze the basic radiation safety and radiation protection knowledge.
RESULTS: A total of 172 physicians from surgical units participated in this questionnaire, 96 of them were assistants. In the analysis of 2nd part radiation protection awareness questions, an awareness level of 50% or more was observed in 10 answers. In the analysis of 3rd part general radiation safety and radiation protection knowledge questions, a correct answer level of 50% and more was observed in 6 answers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Radiation protection awareness is teamwork as well as an individual effort. The results of this questionnaire we conducted within our hospital clearly emphasized that our hospital’s chief physician, clinic chiefs, and all physicians in surgical units have high awareness of radiation safety. Knowledge about radiation protection has created optimum working conditions in outpatient clinics and operation rooms.

INTRODUCTION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by defective ciliary function, resulting in chronic respiratory infections and other systemic issues. CCDC40 encodes a protein crucial for assembling and functioning ciliary dynein arms, vital for ciliary movement. Mutations in CCDC40 can significantly exacerbate PCD symptoms.
This study analyzed the clinical and demographic profiles of pediatric patients with PCD due to homozygous CCDC40 mutations.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 13 patients at the Marmara University Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, focusing on their demographics, clinical symptoms, highspeed video microscopy (HSVM) findings, nasal nitric oxide (nNO) levels, PICADAR scores, sputum culture results, and respiratory function tests. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software.
RESULTS: The cohort had a median age of 17 years (25–75p, 11.5–21.5 years), with typical onset of symptoms at birth and a median diagnostic delay of 7 years (25–75p, 2–13.5 years).
Notably, 84.6% of patients had consanguineous parents. The common symptoms included recurrent cough (100%), bronchiectasis (92.3%), and rhinosinusitis (92.3%). The median PICADAR score of the patients was 8 (25–75p, 5–11.5), and the median nasal NO value was 17.3 nl/min (25–75p, 7.7–114.5). HSVM analysis revealed immotile cilia and abnormal movement patterns in 53.8% and 30.7% of patients, respectively. Sputum cultures identified Haemophilus influenzae (92.3%) as the predominant pathogen.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in managing PCD, particularly for those with CCDC40 mutations who may experience more severe respiratory complications than other genetic variants.

INTRODUCTION: Ammonia is a neurotoxic substance that is produced as a consequence of protein metabolism. It is converted to urea in the liver and subsequently eliminated by the kidneys. Hyperammonemia is defined as values that exceed 60 μmol/L outside of the neonatal period. Hyperammonemia in children is frequently caused by genetic and metabolic conditions, drug use, and liver disease or drug use in adults.
METHODS: The results of patients treated at our hospital in the past five years and whose blood levels exceeded 60 μmol/L were evaluated in our single-center retrospective study. The age, gender, ammonia levels, and reasons for obtaining ammonia of the patients were analyzed.
RESULTS: The purpose of the study was to investigate the reasoning behind the request for ammonia testing in pediatric patients at the hospital. The results showed that the reasons for requesting testing varied between children under and over 1 month of age. Although metabolic disorders are usually evaluated in newborns, infections, liver dysfunction, and drug side effects are predominant in children over the age of one month. The retrospective design and single-center aspect of the study have been noted as major limitations.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Hyperammonemia may be an adverse effect of neurological diseases in pediatric patients, and medications used to treat seizures can cause hyperammonemia. This should be kept in mind in patients presenting with seizures, especially those with changes in consciousness.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to contribute to the literature by studying the risk factors for postcesarean relaparotomy, the morbidities that occur, and the practices performed during relaparotomy.
METHODS: This retrospective study included cases of relaparotomy after cesarean section performed at a training and research hospital between January 2014 and January 2021. All cases who underwent relaparotomy within 60 days after cesarean section within a 7-year period were included in the study. We divided all cases into three groups with regard to the timing of relaparotomy after cesarean section: within the first 24 hours, between day 1 and day 10, and after day 10.
RESULTS: A total of 24,293 cesarean sections were performed in our hospital. The relaparotomy rate after cesarean section was 0.18% in our clinic. Emergency cesarean sections accounted for 60.8% of our study group. The most common indication for relaparotomy was postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony with 41.3%. Uterine atony was followed by peritoneal bleeding with 28.2%. Hypogastric artery ligation was performed in 18 (39.1%) patients. Relaparotomy after cesarean section was most performed within the first 24 hours. Maternal mortality was not observed after relaparotomy.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Post-cesarean relaparotomy is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing number of cesarean sections. The most common reasons for relaparotomy are uterine atony and intraperitoneal bleeding. Most relaparotomies are performed within the first 24 hours after cesarean section. The complication rate increases as the interval between cesarean section and relaparotomy increases.

INTRODUCTION: Natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) is defined as the removal of the specimen through natural orifices following laparoscopic colorectal surgery, and it is an important component of minimally invasive surgery. This study aims to compare the extraction of resected malignant and benign lesions through natural orifices after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
METHODS: Among 45 patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resection with planned NOSES between January 2019 and March 2020, 36 patients underwent NOSES. Transanal and transvaginal routes were utilized for extraction following laparoscopic resection. The transvaginal route was used in gynecologic cases and if there was a hysterectomy. Patients were divided into two groups based on the diagnosis of malignant or benign lesions. Demographic characteristics, perioperative and postoperative findings, as well as pathology and specimen sizes, were examined.
RESULTS: Lesion localization was predominantly in the rectosigmoid region in the malignant group and in the rectum in the benign group. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). The maximum specimen size was higher in the malignant group (p>0.05), whereas the maximum lesion size was larger in the benign group (p<0.05). Mesenteric dissection distribution was higher in the malignant group (p<0.05). There were significant differences between the patient groups in terms of specimen extraction site distribution and anvil localization (p<0.05). Transanal extraction and extracorporeal anastomosis were more common in the malignant group, whereas transvaginal extraction and intracorporeal anastomosis were more common in the benign group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: NOSES can be safely performed for both malignant and benign colorectal lesions. Despite larger lesion sizes in benign lesions in comparison to malignant ones, specimen sizes are smaller. Therefore, they are easier to extract through natural orifices after laparoscopic resection. Moreover, benign lesions can be dismembered into smaller sizes for extraction, in contrast with the case for malignant lesions.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors (BCTs) are a rare type of lung cancer (1–2%). They are divided into two subtypes: typical (TK) and atypical (AK). Prognosis depends on various factors such as tumor type, size, spread, and Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker). This study aimed to identify these prognostic factors to improve treatment and survival rates in BCT patients. The main objective of this research was to retrospectively investigate the factors associated with long-term survival in patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors.
METHODS: The data of 56 patients who underwent surgery at our center between February 2008 and March 2021 and were histopathologically diagnosed with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor were retrospectively analyzed.
RESULTS: Most of the patients were female (60.7%) with a median age of 43. Lobectomy was the most common surgical procedure (60.7%). Prolonged air leak was the most common complication. Typical carcinoids were more common than atypical ones (69.6%–30.4%). Mediastinal lymph node metastasis was more common in atypical tumors. The findings of the study showed that tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and Ki-67 index were prognostic factors associated with long-term prognosis in patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. The 5-year survival rate was higher in typical carcinoids than in atypical ones (82.1%–64.7%). The recurrence rate was higher in atypical tumors (25%–2.4%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the critical role of tumor characteristics in determining long-term outcomes in patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. Considering factors such as tumor type, lymph node involvement, stage, and Ki-67 index, more personalized treatment strategies can be developed. Further research involving larger, multicenter patient groups may provide more robust data to improve prognostic models for this patient population and guide treatment decisions.